Approved work: Carbon offsetting and carbon payback
This POSTnote will summarise the challenges that have emerged around setting standards for international offsetting and what monitoring is needed to ensure effective mitigation.

This POSTnote discusses the current use of antibiotics in animals and the options available for reducing that use.
Reducing UK Antibiotic Use in Animals (464 KB , PDF)
https://doi.org/10.58248/PN588
Antibiotics are widely used to treat infectious disease in animals and humans. A recent government review of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) recommended reducing antibiotic use in agriculture. This POSTnote discusses the current use of antibiotics in animals and the options available for reducing that use.
Key points in the POSTnote iclude:
POSTnotes are based on litereature reviews and inerviews with a range of stakeholders and are externally peer reviewed. POST would like to thank interviewees and peer reviewers for kindly giving up their time during the preparation of this briefing including:
*Rhiannon Wilson, Policy Bristol for organising the meeting with the DIALS consortium
*Dr Kristen Reyher, University of Bristol
*Prof David Barrett, University of Bristol
*Dr Matthew Avison, University of Bristol
*Dr Kin Wing Chan, University of Exeter
*Dr. Katie Adam, University of Edinburgh
*Alison Bard, University of Bristol
*Dr Ginny Gould, University of Bristol
*Hannah Schubert, University of Bristol
*Jon Massey, University of Bristol
*Rhiannon Wilson, Policy Bristol
*Aled Davies, Pruex
*Nigel Underwood, Elanco
*DrJoshua Onyango, Innovation for Agriculture
*Richard Lloyd, Innovation for Agriculture
*Paul Thompson, Garth Vet
*Lydia Stratton, RSPCA Assured
*Sconaid Wastie, RSPCA Assured
*Dr Helen R. Stebbins, Micron Bio-systems
*Dr Georgina Crayford, National Pig Association
*Craig Lewis, European Forum of Farm Animal Breeders
*Mike Bryan, Galebreakers
*Cheryl Williams, Galebreakers
*Dr Coll Hutchison, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Health
*Dr Bianca D’Souza, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Health
*Dr Liz Sockett, University of Nottingham
*Dr Liz Bowles, Soil Association/ Labelling Matters
*Dr Donal Murphy, National Office of Animal Health
*Prof Sharon Peacock, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Health
*Jess Sloss, Red Tractor
*Dr Bryan Charlston, Pirbrite Institute
*Dr Karin Darpel, Pirbrite Institute
*Dr Erica Bickerton, Pirbrite Institute
*Dr Andrew Broadbent, Pirbrite Institute
*Lizelle Gouverneur, Pirbrite Institute
*Dr Pantelis Georgiou, Imperial College London
*Dr Jesus Rodriguez Manzano, Imperial College London
*Nicolas B G Moser, Imperial College London
*Dr Matt BurneyCancer Research UK
*Dr Cóilín Nunan, Alliance to Save our Antibiotics
*Suzi Shingler, Alliance to Save our Antibiotics
*Prof Brendan Wren, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Health
*Jon Cuccui, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Health
*Dr Lindsay Evans, Imperial College London
*Dr Andrew Edwards, Imperial College London
*Dr Alberto Giubilini, University of Oxford
*Dr Susanna Williamson, Animal and Plant Health Agency
*Prof Cathy Dwyer, Scotland’s Rural College Institution
*Sarah Golding, University of Surrey
*Dr Mandy Nevel, Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board
*Dr Robert Atterbury, University of Nottingham
*John Tuer, Protexin
*Prof Dov Stekel, University of Nottingham
*Catherine McLaughlin, RUMA Alliance/NFU
*John Fishwick, British Veterinary Association
*Michael Mcgilligan, British Veterinary Association
*Prof Mick Bailey, University of Bristol
Fraser Broadfoot, Veterinary Medicines Directorate
Dr Ana Vidal, Veterinary Medicines Directorate
Niloy Acharyya, Veterinary Medicines Directorate
*Dr Gabrielle Laing, House of Lords
*Dr Amanda Carson, Animal and Plant Health Agency
Dr Claire Burney, University Hospitals Bristol
*Dr Christopher Brown, Society for Applied Microbiology
Mike Biddle, Innovate UK
*Paul Williams, MSD Animal Health
*Professor the Lord Trees, House of Lords
*Dr Stella Mascarenhas-Keyes, Consultant Social Scientist
* Denotes exteranl reviewers
Reducing UK Antibiotic Use in Animals (464 KB , PDF)
This POSTnote will summarise the challenges that have emerged around setting standards for international offsetting and what monitoring is needed to ensure effective mitigation.
This POSTnote will summarise the evidence base for restoration measures for different freshwater habitat types (complimenting the recent POSTnote and POSTbrief on habitat restoration) and the outcomes for biodiversity and ecosystem service benefits such as natural flood management and water quality.
This POSTnote will summarise the challenges and opportunities for the different approaches for reducing the use of synthetic fertilisers.