This POSTnote summarises the current debate and recent academic findings on the efficacy of fiscal measures to encourage industrial R&D. POSTnote 57. POST. 1995.
Encouraging industrial R & D (304 KB , PDF)
There is a wide consensus that research and development (R&D) contribute to innovation and economic competitiveness, and some countries use the tax system to encourage industry to increase the amount of R&D it supports. In the UK, there is continued debate how far such measures are effective in increasing industrial R&D, and creating more wealth.
This POSTnote summarises the current debate and recent academic findings on the efficacy of fiscal measures to encourage industrial R&D.
Encouraging industrial R & D (304 KB , PDF)
England is at a historical crossroad for the governance of land and the natural environment. Actions for addressing and adapting to climate change, achieving food security and tackling the biodiversity crisis are all embedded in and depend on how land is managed. Existing Government policy and targets have so far failed to address many of these complexities of land, farming and the natural environment.
"Smart cities" describes places that incorporate a range of technologies (especially those that collect and use data) to address economic, social, and environmental challenges. Projects usually take place in urban areas, but are also deployed in rural settings. This POSTnote looks at smart city innovation in the UK and the technologies involved. It considers the factors driving the adoption of smart city technologies, and the potential benefits, barriers and risks associated with their implementation.
Space-based assets (satellites and the terrestrial ground stations that communicate with them) provide critical support to military and civilian operations. They are vulnerable to unintentional damage and disruption, and to deliberate attack. This POSTnote outlines how the UK uses and accesses satellites, potential risks to satellites, and approaches to mitigation.
